Nirva Traditions Buddhism by country Religion portal v t e Generally speaking, Buddhism is a religion that does not include the belief in a monotheistic creator deity. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The "thirty-three" in the name of the heaven is not an enumeration of the gods who live there (there are far more) but a general term inherited from Vedic mythology, implying "the whole pantheon of gods". They are revered for their compassion and wisdom, and are often depicted as teachers and guides. In many cases characteristics of gods from all three faiths are merged into a single god. August 31, 2022 by Sandra Hearth The three Buddhist deities Vajrapi, Majur and Avalokitevara. In Mahayana literature, Tryastria is composed of thirty-three levels. 6. Why did He make some happy and others unhappy? Buddhist gods are classified into different types based on their characteristics, roles and functions. In his six hands are a lotus, club sword, skull cup, snare and ax. These three deities are known as "rigs gsum mgon po" or Lords of the three enlightened families or groups, the three families being the vajra family, the Tathgata (Buddha) family, and the padma (lotus) family. In a new study, 6% of participants who practiced mindfulness reported negative side effects that lasted for more than a month. 312, 28/12/2022 14:00 Jizo statues are often found in groups of six, each with their hands in a different mudra (position) and each linked to relieving the pain of residents of the six realms of Buddhist cosmology: 1) one holds his hands in a praying position next to his chest and is associated with the Amida Buddha and the realm of humans: 2) one holds a sacred jewel and holds his hand in the no fear mudra and is associated with deva living on Mt. The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography, p. 41. He is responsible for creating all things out of nothingness at the beginning of time and will continue to create until the end of time. Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition". Mahakala Guardian King Dhritarastra Chokyoing (Lokpalas) are the Four Guardian Kings. [43] In Mahayana, a fully awakened Buddha (such as Amitbha) is held to be omniscient as well as having other qualities, such as infinite wisdom, an immeasurable life, and boundless compassion. This belief, state the Buddhist texts, is then shared by other gods. Buddhism is often called Fojiao, literally meaning "the teaching (jiao) of the Buddha (Fo)."Buddhism thus appears to be a member of the same class as Confucianism and Daoism: the three teachings are Rujiao ("teaching . ", According to Peter Harvey, Buddhism assumes that the universe has no ultimate beginning to it and thus sees no need for a creator god. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Many monasteries contain Tara figures that are said to have miraculously materialized out of thin air. In Buddhism, Gods are more like symbols or vehicles for certain aspects of the teachings and practices. If the deity's substance is all-pervading and eternal, it must contain all powers and be able to produce all dharmas everywhere, at all times, and simultaneously. If He were created by another creator, He would not be self-existent. [52] Buddha-created worlds are termed "Buddha-fields" (or "pure lands"), and their creation is seen as a key activity of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Like other great religions, Buddhism has generated a wide range of popular practices. But nirvana is not extinction, and indeed the craving for annihilation or nonexistence was expressly repudiated by the Buddha. Tibetan Protector Deities The Buddha calls their religious goal laughable, vain, and empty. Conditioned by the coming together of causes." 287, 07/03/2023 15:00 Sumisen; 3) one holds a set of Buddhist rosary beads and is associated with the realm of the non-human creatures; 4) one holds a sacred jewel and a pilgrims staff and is associated with Ashura, the realm of the deities; 5) one holds an incense banner and is associated with hell; and 6) the last one holds an incense censer and is associated with the realm of the hungry spirits. If He does not need anything, why did He [cause] change, like a small boy who plays a game, to make all creatures? These figures include Kiy Djin (a.k.a. The elements? It all started with Gautama Siddharta , a guy with a restless soul and an enquiring mind. Table of Contents show Is meditation a form of religion? Who are the main gods of Buddhism Postposmo | Postposm "[32] Furthermore, the Buddhist also adds: Besides, do you say that God finds joy in seeing the creatures which he has created in the prey of all the distress of existence, including the tortures of the hells? . Each village and sect has its own pantheon of gods, spirits and demons. According to Matthew Kapstein, medieval Buddhist philosophers deployed a host of arguments, including the argument from evil and others that "stressed formal problems in the conception of a supreme deity". Moreover, the gods are intended to show the many sides of enlightenment: a particular god may have a wrathful, vengeful side as well as a peaceful and beneficent side. Generally speaking, Buddhism is a religion that does not include the belief in a monotheistic creator deity. Buddhists search for salvation, not just nonbeing. Peter Harvey calls this "trans-polytheism". [23] Nagarjuna makes several arguments against a creator God, including the following:[24], In his Hymn to the Inconceivable (Acintyastava), Nagarjuna attacks this belief in two verses:[25]. The central pair of hands is in the cupped position representing respect. We would know that He acts out of hate and love, and hence is not self-existent. 12 Tibetan Deities, Buddhist Gods and Goddess - GreatTibetTour In Mahayana Buddhism, a bodhisattvas is any being that has aroused bodhicitta (mind of awakening) and is thus working towards full Buddhahood. [6], A similar story of a high god (brahma) who mistakes himself as the all-powerful creator can be seen in the Brahma-nimantanika Sutta (MN 49). Our hope is that through the resources we provide, you'll be able to find a sense of peace, purpose, and well-being in your own life. [49] He compares various Mahayana interpretations of Buddha-nature (Tibetan and East Asian) with a pantheist view that sees all things as divine and that "undoes the duality between the divine and the world". Nirva Traditions Buddhism by country Religion portal v t e Buddhism includes a wide array of divine beings that are venerated in various ritual and popular contexts. Thus, while Buddhism includes multiple "gods", its main focus is not on them. [85] According to Kiri Paramore, the 19th-century Japanese attacks on Christianity tended to rely on more rationalistic and philosophical critiques than the Tokugawa-era critiques (which tended to be more driven by nationalism and xenophobia).[86]. There is, however, marriage between the devas and the asuras just as there is between the sir and the jtnar in Norse mythology. Other doctrines claim that there is a great Brahma, a Time, a Space, a Starting Point, a Nature, an Ether, a Self, etc., that is eternal and really exists, is endowed with all powers, and is able to produce all dharmas. ", "Again, if God created all living beings, who created Him? The Buddha, according to the early texts, also discovered the law of dependent origination (paticca-samuppada), whereby one condition arises out of another, which in turn arises out of prior conditions. Why Dont Physical Therapists Like Chiropractors? No Buddhist Creator Gods. And the other beingsthink the same, because he was born first and they later." Dorje Jigje (Yamantaka) is the most well-known protector of the Yellow Hat sect. [5], In the Twelve Gate Treatise (, Shih-erh-men-lun), the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna (c. 1st2nd century) works to refute the belief of certain Indian non-Buddhists in a god called Isvara, who is "the creator, ruler and destroyer of the world". However, they all serve as reminders of the different qualities that practitioners can cultivate on their path to enlightenment. Buddha, (Sanskrit: "Awakened One") clan name (Sanskrit) Gautama or (Pali) Gotama, personal name (Sanskrit) Siddhartha or (Pali) Siddhattha, (born c. 6th-4th century bce, Lumbini, near Kapilavastu, Shakya republic, Kosala kingdom [now in Nepal]died, Kusinara, Malla republic, Magadha kingdom [now Kasia, India]), the founder of Buddhism, one of th. "[80], The modern era brought Buddhists into contact with the Abrahamic religions, especially Christianity. Buddhist Deities - The Spiritual Life Kapstein also notes that by this time, "Buddhism's earlier refusal of theism had indeed given way to a well-formed antitheism." Buddhist Gods in Japan. Although Buddhists do not worship any deity as part of their faith (aside from occasional devotional practices), understanding these three gods can help deepen our appreciation for certain concepts taught within Buddhist philosophy such as impermanence, karma & rebirth cycles, non-attachment/desirelessness etc., which emphasize how everything changes but must come full circle eventually so we should be mindful in how we live our lives today since it affects future outcomes significantly. His message was about enduring the suffering in the world if they put a lid on their desires bot seeking salvation in the afterlife. Vasubandhu states: "the Theist might say that the work of God is the [first] creation [of the world] (disarga): but it would follow that creation, dependent only on God, would never have a beginning, like God himself. If He needs something, He should not be called self-existent. Manusyas or humans. [79], Jim Valby notes that the "All-Creating King" (Kunjed Gyalpo, i.e., the primordial Buddha) of Dzogchen thought and its companion deities "are not gods, but are symbols for different aspects of our primordial enlightenment. Perhaps the earliest such attempt was that of the Chinese monk Zhu Hong (, 15351615), who authored Four Essays on Heaven (). Getty, Alice (1988). Among these, two simple practices are deeply rooted in the experience of the earliest Buddhist community and have remained basic to all Buddhist traditions. Yidams are meditation deities that are used as objects of focus in tantric meditation practices. Instead, they are seen as guides and sources of inspiration for those on the path to enlightenment. A Buddhist god, for example, may have been derived from Hindu god and given characteristics of a local spirit. Westerhoff, Jan. Creation in Buddhism in Oliver, Simon. [47][48][49] Similarly, Geoffrey Samuel has compared Tibetan Buddhist Buddhology with the related view of panentheism. Hotei, one of the seven gods of good luck, is the god of happiness. The six statues are grouped to together because the people who placed them there may not know where their deceased loves ones are and thus say prayers to the entire universe and all realms to reach them. Associated with the Hindu god Vishnu, he is red with a white face on the right and green gace on the left and has a horses head in his hair, a crown of skulls, a tiger skin around his waist and a garland of 52 chopped off heads. Distemper painting by a Tibetan painter. Fukansai Habian (15651621) is perhaps one of the best-known of these critics, especially because he was a convert to Christianity who then became an apostate and wrote an anti-Christian polemic, titled Deus Destroyed (Ha Daiusu), in 1620. [1][2][3] As such, it has often been described as either (non-materialistic) atheism or as nontheism, though these descriptions have been challenged by other scholars, since some forms of Buddhism do posit different kinds of transcendent, unborn, and unconditioned ultimate realities (e.g., Buddha-nature). Furthermore, these desires would have to be simultaneous, but since God is not multiple, things would all arise at the same time. They are believed to be subject to the same laws of impermanence and suffering as all other beings. Find Out Now! According to the story, the asura were dispossessed of their state in Tryastria because they became drunk and were thrown down Mount Sumeru. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. However, historians believe that meditation was practiced before this time, as early as 3000 BCE. Find Out Now! The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist studies, Volume 8, 1985, Number 1. de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 675. de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 676. de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 677. de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 678. We cover topics such as meditation, mindfulness in daily life, the role of compassion in mental health, and the intersection of Buddhism and psychology. It has been around for over 2500 years and is still growing in popularity today. [46], Various authors, such as F. Sueki, Douglas Duckworth, and Fabio Rambelli, have described Mahayana Buddhist views using the term "pantheism" (the belief that God and the universe are identical). But this is not true in reality. It is for this . "Traditionally, meditation is strongly connected to religion. A common symbol throughout Asia, he is jolly fellow with a big grin, pot belly and a bag sack. Statues of him are often covered. He is typically shown with four arms carrying weapons like a trident, bow & arrow, axe or club; signifying his ability to destroy everything at any given moment if needed. He wrote: "For there is no god Brahma. If Buddhism began in India, why is it all over some many eastern countries? Three Taoist gods, namely the Emperor Zi Wei, Emperor Dongyue and the Thunder God, were added to the grouping as well, forming the modern list of twenty-four deities. He merely puts Gods concept aside without ever expressing so clearly about the existence of the Gods. [4], Buddhist teachings state that there are divine beings called devas (sometimes translated as 'gods') and other Buddhist deities, heavens, and rebirths in its doctrine of sasra, or cyclical rebirth. [9], Damien Keown notes that in the Sayutta Nikya, the Buddha sees the cycle of rebirths as stretching back "many hundreds of thousands of eons without discernible beginning. 314, 07/02/2023 07:00 In these texts, the Buddha is portrayed not as a creator-denying atheist who claims to be able to prove such a god's nonexistence, but rather his focus is other teachers' claims that their teachings lead to the highest good. He often has multiple arms, sometimes more than a thousand of them. Would you say that God is too great to conceive? [12], According to Hayes, in the Tevijja Sutta (DN 13), there is an account of a dispute between two brahmins about how best to reach union with Brahma (Brahmasahavyata), who is seen as the highest god over whom no other being has mastery and who sees all. This page was last edited on 26 October 2015, at 22:11. The first is the veneration of the Buddha or other buddhas, bodhisattvas, or saints, which involves showing respect, meditating on the qualities of the . This doctrine is unreasonable. Yes, Buddhism recognizes the existence of gods and deities, but their role and significance differ from the concept of God in other religions. Although some Buddhists consider themselves to be atheists, and some (sorta kinda) conceptualize the buddhas and bodhisattvas as godlike beings, the Buddha taught that belief in Gods is irrelevant. In East Asian Buddhist traditions, some of the major bodhisattvas include Guanyin, Maitreya, Samantabhadra, Manjushri, Ksitigarbha, Mahasthamaprapta, Vajrapani, and Akasagarbha. ", de La Vallee Poussin, Louis (fr. During the medieval period, Buddhist philosophers like Vasubandhu developed extensive refutations of creationism and Hindu theism. 336, 21/12/2022 11:00 He is often depicted holding a bowl of medicine and accompanied by two attendants. According to Buddhist teachings, gods are not considered to be eternal and all-powerful beings. The Buddha Bodhisattvas Guardians In Buddhism, Gods are more like symbols or vehicles for certain aspects of the teachings and practices. In Buddhism, Gods are not seen as ultimate sources of power or as creators of the universe but as symbols or vehicles for certain aspects of the teachings and practices. [66] According to Lin, the Huayan commentator Fazang's conception of Vairocana contains "elements that approach Vairocana to the monotheistic God". The Buddha, the Enlightened One, is one who is no longer kindled or inflamed. Buddhism is a religion that originated in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha. http://www.tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=Buddhist_Gods_and_Goddesses&oldid=210690. They each represent an aspect of the cycle of life creation, preservation and destruction respectively. This too ends, according to Buddhist cosmology, and god Mahabrahma is then born, who is alone. Where On The Physical Activity Pyramid Do Lifestyle Activities Belong? Devas are celestial beings who reside in heavenly realms and possess supernatural powers. 256, 06/03/2023 15:00 Tandrin in red and Dorje in blue often serve as guardian gods at the entrance of temples. By approaching Buddhist worship with sincerity and an open heart, you can deepen your connection to the divine and to the teachings of the Buddha. While gods are not viewed as obstacles to enlightenment, their realm of existence is still considered to be within the cycle of samsara and is therefore subject to suffering. We are told to meditate on his actions, law, or testimonies all of which are found within his Word. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana. There, he studied the Yogacara teachings passed down from Asanga and Vasubandhu and taught to him by the abbot labhadra. In summary, the concept of gods in Buddhism is complex and multifaceted. Living in the Chinese Cosmos | Asia for Educators - Columbia University 528), the bodhisattva says: While Early Buddhism was not as concerned with critiquing concepts of God or vara (since theism was not as prominent in India until the medieval era),[citation needed] medieval Indian Buddhists engaged much more thoroughly with the emerging Hindu theisms (mainly by attempting to refute them). Buddhism - Definition, Founder & Origins | HISTORY A number of historical figures are treated with same reverence as gods. You can use this work for any purpose without restriction under copyright law. Buddhism emphasizes self-reliance and personal development rather than reliance on a higher power. 1. This doctrine of creation by a supreme lord is defined as follows: "Whatever happiness or pain or neutral feeling this person experiences, all that is due to the creation of a supreme deity (issaranimmahetu). Bato Kannon, Horsehead Kannon, is a manifestation of Kannon often depicted in small stone statues of Kannon with a horse popping out of her hair or headdress. She is currently working on a book about the intersection of nature, spirituality, and mindfulness, and continues to be an active advocate for environmental conservation and sustainability. The Buddhist responds: "then things do not arise from a single cause, because the desires (of God) are multiple". in Snow Lion Newsletter, Winter 2000, Duckworth, Douglas. 290, 27/02/2023 15:00 Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thus, all forms, thoughts, and sounds in the universe are seen as manifestations and teachings of the Buddha. This kind of practice changes the brain. Buddha | Biography, Teachings, Influence, & Facts | Britannica Theravada Buddhism The Theravada school is the oldest branch of the Buddhist religion. He wears a tiger skin and has a garland with 52 severed heads around his neck. B.C. As she grew older, she became increasingly interested in the intersection of nature, spirituality, and personal growth, and began to study Buddhism and mindfulness in depth. The eastern king is white and carries a lute. There are over 500 million Buddhists today. Brahma - The Creator God Websites and Resources on Buddhist Art: buddhism.org/board/main.cgi?board=BuddhistArt; Buddhist Images buddhistimages.co.uk; Religion Facts Images religionfacts.com/buddhism/gallery; Buddhist Symbols viewonbuddhism.org/general_symbols_buddhism; Buddhist Artwork buddhanet.net/budart/index; Buddhism Images freewebs.com/buddhaimages; Wikipedia article on Buddhist Art Wikipedia; Buddha Images http://www.buddha-images.com/; Buddhist Art artlex.com/ArtLex/b/Buddhism; Huntington Archives Buddhist Art kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu; Buddhist Art Resources academicinfo.net/buddhismart While chakras arent mentioned specifically in the Bible, we can see that it is possible that just as God created our bodies with pathways for energy to flow (nerves, blood, lymph, meridians). He is blue with a tiger skin around his waist and snake around his neck. The earliest Christian attempts to refute Buddhism and criticize its teachings were those of Jesuits like Alessandro Valignano, Michele Ruggieri, and Matteo Ricci. Others bodhisattvas include Candraprabha, Suryaprabha, Bhaiajyasamudgata, Bhaiajyarja, Akayamati, Sarvanivraavikambhin, and Vajrasattva. On our site, you'll find a wide range of content, including articles, podcasts, and video resources, all focused on helping you live a more mindful, compassionate, and fulfilling life. The painting shows the three Buddhist deities Vajrapi (above), Majur (below left) and Avalokitevara (below right). The aggregates (come) not from a triumph of wishing, not from (permanent) time, not from primal matter, not from an essential nature, not from the Powerful Creator Ishvara, and not from having no cause. [19] The text also depicts Mara, an evil trickster figure, as attempting to support the Brahma's misconception of himself. Spread the lovePhysical therapy and chiropractic care are both popular forms of alternative healthcare, but somehow they dont seem to get along very well. According to the classical rendering, the 12 links in the chain are: ignorance (avijja), karmic predispositions (sankharas), consciousness (vinnana), form and body (nama-rupa), the five sense organs and the mind (salayatana), contact (phassa), feeling-response (vedana), craving (tanha), grasping for an object (upadana), action toward life (bhava), birth (jati), and old age and death (jaramarana). Thus for those who fall back on the creation of a god as the essential reason, there is neither desire nor effort nor necessity to do this deed or abstain from that deed. At its core, Buddhism teaches non-attachment to material objects and emotions, as well as the need to strive towards liberation from suffering through compassion, kindness and mindful living. Most monks wake up early and meditate for 1 to 3 hours and do the same at night. Tibetan gods, one religious scholar wrote, represent "mental states evoked in meditation and ritual, a means of training the mind toward a more accurate appreciation of the human condition." (120) Neither is space God; space lacks activity, nor is atmanthat we have already excluded. In this article, we will explore the full list of Buddhist deities and provide a guide to their characteristics and significance in the religion. But when we fall into conditioning, it is as if we are no longer Samantabhadra because we are ignorant of our true nature. His lower hands form the karu mudr (compassion gesture) which is like the namaskra mudr (prayer gesture) but with only the fingertips touching. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Buddhist Diet | Full List & Guide Of Allowed Food (Compliance), Sikh Gods: The Complete Guide to the Divine (Full List Included). The Tryastria heaven appears several times in Buddhist stories, in which either the Buddha ascends to Tryastria, or (more often) deities from Tryastria descend to meet the Buddha. It has been used for various reasons, such as enhancing beauty, expressing creativity, and History of the Buddhist Symbol of LoveThe Buddhist symbol of love is a representation of the compassionate and selfless nature of love. [75], The 14th Dalai Lama sees this deity (called Samantabhadra) as a symbol for ultimate reality, "the realm of the Dharmakaya the space of emptiness". Tibetan Buddhist Gods "Whitehead and Buddhism Religion Online", Buddhist Thought and Whitehead's Philosophy, Process Thought and the Conceptualization of Amida Buddha, "Connecting to Our Root Teacher, the Buddha", https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/is-buddhism-really-nontheistic/. Awareness of these fundamental realities led the Buddha to formulate the Four Noble Truths: the truth of misery (dukkha; literally suffering but connoting uneasiness or dissatisfaction), the truth that misery originates within the craving for pleasure and for being or nonbeing (samudaya), the truth that this craving can be eliminated (nirodhu), and the truth that this elimination is the result of following a methodical way or path (magga). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Japanese Tempe Guardian Many gods in Japan have both non-Japanese origins. Prajnaparamita, the Mother of All Buddhas In the Mahayana tradition several female deities became major figures. Some of the most well-known Buddhas include Gautama Buddha, Amitabha Buddha, and Medicine Buddha. His body is blue except for the inner sides of his hands, which are pink, At the bottom lefthand side is a yellow Majur whose left hand forms the preaching gesture, with index and middle finger crossed. Avalokitesvara appears in 33 different manifestations. Meditation can be defined as a set of techniques that are intended to encourage a heightened state of awareness and focused attention. Believing in God or not believing in God will not help you realize enlightenment. Lecture given at the National Conference of the American Academy of Religion, Boston, Mass., Nov. 1999, p. 8. Courtesy of the Asian Art Museum, The Avery Brundage Collection , B60S36+. Heaven of the Thirty-Three - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia [50], Duckworth draws on positive Mahayana conceptions of buddha-nature, which he explains as a "positive foundation" and "a pure essence residing in temporarily obscured sentient beings". "[19], Some stories in the Buddhist Jataka collections outline a critique of a Creator deity that is similar to the Problem of Evil. There are many different bodhisattvas revered in Buddhism, each representing a different aspect of the path to enlightenment. The chief of the Tryastria devas is akra (Pli: Sakka), also known as Indra. The Tripitaka, or The Three Baskets, is a collection of Buddha's sayings, his thoughts about them, and rules for Buddhists monks. [45] According to Paul Williams, in Mahayana, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world". [66] However, Lin also notes that this Buddha is contained within a broader Buddhist metaphysics of emptiness, which tempers the reification of this Buddha as a monotheistic creator god. His right hand lifts the sword of wisdom or discernment, and he is seated in meditation posture, At the bottom righthand side is a white four-handed Avalokitevara, the deity of compassion and charity. [3] [27], A later Madhyamaka philosopher, Candrakrti, states in his Introduction to the Middle Way (6.114): "Because things (bhava) are not produced without a cause (hetu), from a creator god (isvara), from themselves, another or both, they are always produced in dependence [on conditions]."[28]. Gods, goddesses, and other celestial being tend to play a bigger role in Mahayana Buddhism than Theravada Buddhism. Guanyin There are hundreds of gods in the Buddhist pantheon. According to Vasubandhu, inhabitants of Tryastria are each half a kroa tall (about 1500 feet) and live for 1000 years, of which each day is equivalent to 100 years of our world: that is, for a total of 36 million of our years. They are called the six heavens together with akro devnm (akra). 139, 23/04/2023 09:00 Zen meditation, also known as Zazen, is a meditation technique rooted in Buddhist psychology. Theism, the Buddhist philosophers concluded, could not as a system of thought be saved from such contradictions. ", "If God is self-existent, He should need nothing. For the most part, the Buddhist position on the God question is neither yes nor no. [31] The theist responds that things arise in succession because of the power of God's wishes; he thus wills things to arise in succession.
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