what role did the pope play in the risorgimento?what role did the pope play in the risorgimento?

bishopic or diocese- group of parishes, claimed to be the successor of 1st pope, peter, gregory I- took control of rome and extended papal authority over the christian church in the west. He also resolved to confront Cesare Lepori, the grocer who Morisi said had both suggested the baptism and shown her how to perform it. [10] However, Jews remained under many restrictions and the vast majority still lived in the ghetto. And as a result, the president of France announces with great pride to the assembly that the pope is on his way to France - same thing with the Spanish ambassador. When he returned, the Papal States no longer existed and the pope was confined to the Vatican. [94] As the Italian nationalist armies advanced through the peninsula, the fall of Rome seemed imminent. But more than that and what the people really feared in the Papal States were the ecclesiastical courts that had power over them. [90], Jussi found himself in the unusual position of attempting to defend a client who refused to defend himself. A popular writer who launched a nationalist group called Young Italy and has been exiled for his outspoken nationalism. He had been found guilty of murdering her by the Florentine court of appeal, but then acquitted by the court of assizes. This followed an earlier agreement along similar lines between the Emperor and King Victor Emmanuel's Prime Minister, Europe had lost much of its interest in Mortara by this point, but across the Atlantic it continued to command great attention; the. Getting down on his knees, he took part quietly in the Divine Sacrifice", and listened intently as the policeman explained what was happening. Jussi put forward some aspects of the sequence of events that he said suggested that orders had indeed come from Rome for example, that Feletti had sent Edgardo straight off to the capital without seeing him and asserted that the Holy Office and the Pope were far better placed to adjudge the validity of the baptism than a secular court. It's during that period that Vatican City is formed. And they, in fact, would not do it until Mussolini in 1929. He arrived in Rome on 5 April 1859. Get Access . Risorgimento. [7] Bologna's Jewish population of about 900 had been expelled in 1593 by Pope ClementVIII. And film critic Justin Chang will review "Zama," an 18th century epic about colonialism and the New World. [31], The Mortaras spent the morning of 24 June attempting to have Feletti's order overruled by either the city's cardinal legate, Giuseppe Milesi Pironi Ferretti, or the Archbishop of Bologna, Michele Viale-Prel, but they found that neither was in the city. But that aspect - my understanding is that aspect of canon law still exists today. Garibaldi approved this plan in 1860, but it was apparently called off after one of the conspirators died. The Pope responded from his exile by excommunicating all active participants. Rome and its patrimony remained separate only because they were protected by French troops, who eventually withdrew in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. [36], The attempts of the Mortaras and their allies to identify who was supposed to have baptised Edgardo quickly bore fruit. Before this meeting could take place, the Mortaras were arrested on the orders of the Mayor of Alatri, himself following a request from the town's bishop, and despatched back to Rome. Austria KERTZER: Pius IX replaced a reactionary pope who was extremely unpopular - Gregory XVI. Who is Camillo di Cavour? [31] The inquisitor received Padovani and Marianna's brother-in-law Angelo Moscato at San Domenico soon after 23:00. It had not existed before as a sovereign state. [30][c], A detail of papal carabinieri (military police) led by Marshal Pietro Lucidi and Brigadier Giuseppe Agostini arrived at the Mortara apartment in Bologna soon after sunset on 23 June 1858. Under the warrior pope Julius II (150313), the Papal States reached their greatest extent, stretching from Parma and Bologna in the north to the south and east, along the Adriatic coast and through Umbria to the Campagna, south of Rome; much of the expansion was the result of campaigns led by the pope himself. KERTZER: Because I see what happens when the government is identified with a religious belief that someone has some kind of monopoly on divine truth and others don't share that knowledge of what God wants. What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? - Brainly.com - For This means the papacy plays a significant role in how Christianity is perceived globally. Agostini taught Edgardo first to make the. So with this deal, they established Vatican City as a sovereign state. Like Morisi, Bussolari came from San Giovanni in Persiceto. He gave it spiritual legitimacy. She recounted having seen the Mortaras sitting sadly by Edgardo's crib and "reading from a book in Hebrew that the Jews read when one of them is about to die". What role did the people of Rome play in papal elections, according to the Lateran decree of 1059, and do they play the same role today? It concerned the Papal States' seizure of a six-year-old boy named Edgardo Mortara from his Jewish family in Bologna, on the basis of a former servant's testimony that she had administered an emergency baptism to the boy when he fell ill as an infant. GROSS: So during the era of Pope Pius IX you write about, he saw freedom of speech and freedom of the press as being anti-Catholic. [88], The hearing before a panel of six judges on 16 April 1860 was attended by neither the Mortara family nor Feletti the former because they were in Turin and learned of the trial date only two days beforehand, and the latter because he refused to recognise the new authorities' right to put him on trial. One of the Mortaras' neighbours recalled Lucidi saying in the apartment that he "would have rather been ordered to arrest a hundred criminals than to take that boy away". [91] Jussi proposed that Lepori and Bussolari might both be lying to protect themselves, and that Morisi's sexual impropriety did not necessarily mean her story was false. [37], The younger Angelo Padovani went with De Angelis to confront Morisi in San Giovanni in Persiceto. For more than a millennium, starting around 754, the Papal States were territories in Italy under the direct and sovereign rule of the Pope. And what's - so the archbishop of Philadelphia, for example, wrote a rejoinder saying, no, he doesn't think the pope did the right thing. Carboni looked into her background and found that she was described as spending a lot of time at church, which he thought might indicate an upright character who could be trusted, but the police reports soon turned up the revelation that Bussolari was "a. Momolo had testified that Morisi had left his employment after "some words with my wife", but that "there weren't any bad feelings of a sort that would reasonably lead to any fear of a vendetta". And he called it to shore up his position. [111] The Alliance Isralite Universelle, whose formation had been partly motivated by the Mortara case, grew into one of the most prominent Jewish organisations in the world and endures into the 21st century. In 1797 Napoleons conquest of Milan and his seizure of several papal territories was confirmed by a treaty that established the Cisalpine Republic. [5], Pope Pius IX, elected in 1846, was initially widely seen as a great reformer and moderniser who might throw his weight behind the growing movement for Italian unification referred to in Italian as the Risorgimento (meaning "Resurgence"). GROSS: So he has - he escapes. "[79] After the police searched the convent for documents relating to the Mortara case they found nothing the inquisitor was escorted to prison. The notion that other religions were the work of the devil, and therefore the idea of interreligious dialogue would make absolutely no sense. [66] In February 1859 NapoleonIII concluded a secret pact with the Kingdom of Sardinia pledging French military support for a campaign to drive the Austrians out and unify Italy most of the pontifical domain would be absorbed along with the Two Sicilies and other minor states. Chapter 10 section 1 Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and According to some accounts, he was preceded by his son Riccardo, Edgardo's elder brother, who had entered the kingdom's service as an infantry officer. My guest David Kertzer is the author of the new book "The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile Of Pius IX And The Emergence Of Modern Europe.". [73] Two days later, news reached Rome that fighting had broken out between Austrian and Piedmontese troops in the north the War of 1859 had begun. He reported afterwards that he "would have a thousand times preferred to be exposed to much more serious dangers in performing my duties than to have to witness such a painful scene". What does it say? [82] Carboni then travelled to San Giovanni in Persiceto to interrogate Morisi, who gave her age as 23 rather than the actual 26. Stika: Health concerns played a role Stika said his health, which has been up and down in recent years, was the main reason he submitted his resignation. Kertzer is a professor at Brown University. PDF Anti-Catholicism and the Culture War in Risorgimento Italy - Springer It's a very complicated escape. She said that she had performed an emergency baptism herself sprinkling some water on the boy's head and saying: "I baptise you in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" but had never revealed that to the child's family. Montefiore gave him the Board of Deputies' petition to pass on to the Pope, and said that he would wait in the city a week for the pontiff's reply. [88] Carboni proposed that even under the pontifical laws, the seizure was illegal he reported that he had seen no evidence to support the friar's claim that he had acted following instructions from Rome, and that there was substantial evidence casting doubt on Morisi's account, but so far as he could see Feletti had done nothing to verify what she had said before ordering the child removed. But he finally goes back in April of 1850. GROSS: So Rome, which was the capital of the Papal States, was seized in 1870, which is when modern Italy was created. [91], The judging panel, headed by Calcedonio Ferrari, ruled following a swift deliberation that Feletti should be released as he had acted under instructions from the government of the time. KERTZER: Yes. They argue that civil liberties should be subordinate to the Catholic religion.[119]. GROSS: My guest is David Kertzer, author of the new book "The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile Of Pius IX And The Emergence Of Modern Europe." [43] The most influential pro-Church article on Mortara was an account published in the Jesuit periodical La Civilt Cattolica in November 1858, and subsequently reprinted or quoted in Catholic papers across Europe. [103] During a 1919 sojourn in Rome he visited the House of Catechumens he had entered 61years before. [32] At about 20:00 the carabinieri arrived, in two carriages one for Lucidi and his men, and another in which Agostini would drive Edgardo. Lucidi left as ordered, leaving two men to stay in the Mortaras' bedroom and watch over Edgardo. In the 15th century, popes beginning with Martin V sought to reestablish their control over central Italy. Momolo hoped that his son might be a major topic of discussion at an international conference on the future of Italy, but was disappointed when no such summit materialised. [107] When David Kertzer began studying the case he was surprised to find that many of his Italian colleagues were not familiar with it, while specialists in Jewish studies across the world invariably were Mortara had, as Kertzer put it, "[fallen] from the mainstream of Italian history into the ghetto of Jewish history". [36] Antonelli promised that the matter would be referred to the Pope and granted Momolo's request that he be allowed to visit Edgardo regularly in the House of Catechumens. I'm Terry Gross back with David Kertzer, who's written extensively about the history of the Catholic Church. So he did one thing after the next to please his people. How long did that last? That's a very dangerous idea. I will not lead the efforts to drive the foreigners out of Italy. [35], Anxious to protect the Papal States' precarious diplomatic position, the Cardinal Secretary of State Giacomo Antonelli liaised with Rome's Jewish community to arrange a meeting with Momolo Mortara, and received him politely in early August 1858. [14] According to Dov Levitan, the basic facts of the Mortara case are far from unique, but it is nevertheless of particular importance because of its effect on public opinion in Italy, Britain and France, and as an example of "the great sense of Jewish solidarity that emerged in the latter half of the 19th century [as] Jews rose to the cause of their brethren in various parts of the world". He's the author of the new book "The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile Of Pius IX And The Emergence Of Modern Europe." Correct answers: 2 question: Question 8(Multiple Choice Worth 5 points) (06.05 MC) What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? GROSS: So this story about Pope Pius IX takes a lot of twists and turns. Many, of course, had been carted off to Auschwitz to their murder. What was the role of the Popes in the Renaissance - DailyHistory.org David Kertzer won a Pulitzer Prize in 2015 for his book "The Pope And Mussolini" about the secret relationship between Pope Pius XI and the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. This really gives me chills. KERTZER: This is one of the sore points, actually, today because my understanding is, even the most recent revision of Canon Law, still includes the idea that it's a good thing if one finds a child dying who hasn't been baptized to baptize that child, even without the parents' consent. And if you're just joining us, my guest is David Kertzer, author of the new book "The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile Of Pius IX And The Emergence Of Modern Europe." And then he began to do things that they liked. KERTZER: Yes. [50], Momolo set out for Rome again on 11 October 1858, this time bringing Marianna with him in the hope that her presence might make a stronger impression on the Church and Edgardo. [51], Edgardo returned to the Catechumens on 22 October, and was visited by his parents often over the next month. This is FRESH AIR. The Pope. But I want to kind of cut to the chase here (laughter). He gave it spiritual legitimacy. From 1790 the Papal States were profoundly affected by the French Revolution and the subsequent wars of Napoleon Bonaparte. In fact, his prime minister was murdered in the middle of Rome not far from his own palace and within a few minutes of having visited the pope himself. GROSS: So Pope Pius IX becomes Pope in 1846. Roman Republic [ edit] On 15 November 1848 the Swiss Guards were disarmed, making the pope a prisoner in his Quirinal. And he was a chaplain to the American troops who landed at Anzio in the beginning of 1944 seeking to liberate Rome, which was then in Nazi hands. [86] On 6 March, Carboni interviewed Morisi again and pointed out the inconsistencies between her story and the testimony of the Mortara family doctor, the Mortaras themselves, and both Lepori and Bussolari. So although most of the Jews remained living in the ghetto, they were - no longer felt themselves imprisoned in the ghetto. "[100] The Roman chief of police asked Edgardo to return to his family to appease public opinion, but he refused. You don't even actually need to be Catholic to perform a legitimate baptism. Italy - French Revolution, Risorgimento, and Jacobinism But the pope held firm and said that my religion, my duty as pope do not allow me to do so. Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Kertzer says his exile led to the emergence of modern Italy.