difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathersdifference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers

All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. This study of microscopic feather characters provides quantitative evidence that deeply diving species lack the density of expanded nodes that is observed in dabbling and shallow-diving ducks. PMID: 31581344 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24276 Abstract The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. The Feathers can be found in chests anywhere on the island, meaning players will naturally accrue them the more matches they play. Working papers of the bird strike committee meeting Europe 20. Sum EY, O'Reilly LA, Jonas N, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Anat Rec, 2019. However, the diving tribes were distinguished from Anatini by having fewer barbules with expanded nodes, fewer expanded nodes per barbule, and shorter barbule lengths. Scheme for feather examination. Eckhart L, Bach J, Ban J, Tschachler E. Melanin binds reversibly to thermostable DNA polymerase and inhibits its activity. These results are consistent with the efficient biosynthesis of proteins in the feather follicles. (XLS 30kb). Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. However, the genetic basis of feather variation is still largely unknown. Publication costs and research support were provided by the U.S. Air Force Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. MeSH Interpopulation Variation in Contour Feather Structure Is - PLOS The downy feathers of species in tribes that dive deeper when foraging tended to have a reduced number of nodes per barbule, and fewer barbules with expanded nodes (Fig. The nature of feather construction - Global FlyFisher Peterson RL, Tkatchenko TV, Pruett ND, Potter CS, Jacobs DF, Awgulewitsch A. Epididymal cysteine-rich secretory protein 1 encoding gene is expressed in murine hair follicles and downregulated in mice overexpressing Hoxc13. Photomicrographs were made and adjusted using ProgRes C12 Jenoptik (2004), Auto-Montage Essentials Syncroscopy (2006), and Adobe Photoshop CS2 version 9 Adobe Systems (2005) software. (95K, xlsx)cEB vs. cEF differentially expressed gene set (shown in FPKM and fold change). These technologies and skills were used in this study. The bases of the feathers are plumulaceous, while the tips of some feathers are pennaceous. It was also supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number AR 47364 and 60306. Our study species within Anatini included: Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), American Wigeon (Anas americana), Gadwall (A. strepera), American Black Duck (A. rubripes), Mallard (A. platyrhnychos), Mottled Duck (A. fulvigula), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), Cinnamon Teal (A. cyanoptera), Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), and Green-winged Teal (A. crecca). Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Y.Gan, This study laid the ground work for studying the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers as abundant data were produced for the study of feather morphogenesis. Yet, feathers are homologous with the simpler scales of reptiles and could have evolved from a scale-like epidermal appendage of dinosaurian ancestors of birds [710]. Gene expression level in five comparisons. Kauser S, Slominski A, Wei ET, Tobin DJ. Because a suite of microscopic feather characters can be used to discriminate the diving from the dabbling ducks, it is possible to distinguish some groups of ducks based on microscopic feather characters alone. Several genes involved in tissue morphogenesis (PRKAR1A, LMO4, TP63, TWSG1, JAG1, FGFR2, ACVR1, CA2) and in the regulation of developmental process (SMAD5, JAG1, FGFR2, HIF1A, ACVR1, WNT7B) were upregulated in distal flight feather (Table2). The feathers we are used to seeing are flight and contour. 14 Highly Influenced PDF View 4 excerpts, cites background Skin morphogenesis. (16K, xlsx)Summary of the 15 feather epithelial transcriptomes. Feathers are used to unlock a wide variety of masks for Haven, one of this seasons Battle Pass skins which has been locked up until the most recent update. [2] The stalk above the calamus is a solid rachis having an umbilical groove on its underside. Morphological and Histochemical Description of Quail Feather Plumulaceous (downy) regions of a contour feather. Basal plumulaceous Definition of plumulaceous : relating to or like a plumule. 2002). Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin peptides. What is the difference between the pennaceous and Plumulaceous? We propose that this is due to the insulating properties of down. IPA canonical pathway analysis showed that several genes involved in the TGF- signaling (INHBA, RUNX3, PMEPA1, RUNX2, INHBB), the Sertoli cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling (TUBB3, TUBA1B, CLDN4, TJP3, JAM3, ACTN1, MTMR2) and the germ cell-Sertoli cell junction (CDH2, TUBB3, GSN, TUBA1B, ACTN1, MTMR2) signaling were differentially expressed. Both types have a calamus. Tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) are known to be involved in the feather pigment pattern formation [38]. Anatini also typically had more barbules with expanded nodes than other groups studied here (Fig. Filoplumes serve a tactile function (sensory) and monitor the position of flight feathers and contour feathers (which give birds their sleek appearance). Feathers have evolved to have different forms in color, morphology and mechanical properties not only among different bird species, but also among different body regions of a bird individual, giving us an excellent model to study the molecular basis of phenotypic variation of an important structure in a single species. 5, Additional file 11: Table S10). Principal component analysis plot showing separation of dabbling ducks (A) from diving ducks (B) and sea ducks (C) based on three microscopic feather characters. Molecular evolution of genes in avian genomes. Functional annotations of gene loci were compared with the complete genome using annotations from the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Discovery (DAVID), which uses fuzzy clustering to group genes into functionally related classes based on the similarity of their annotations [84, 85]. Species were also grouped according to tribe and plotted against the character that quantified the number of expanded nodes per barbule because this character had the highest component loading in PCA. The two basic feather types are pennaceous and plumulaceous (or downy). Abd-Elhafeez HH, Soliman SA. 2014 [28]. The results were obtained by analyzing 12,608 genes with FPKM >0.1 in all libraries. Pohl M, Stuart RO, Sakurai H, Nigam SK. A fundamental difference between the straight barb ridge growth in a simple, plumulaceous feather and the helical barb ridge growth in a pennaceous feather lies in the patterns of specification of new cells at the growing basal edges of the barb ridges. Morphological changes of telocytes in camel efferent ductules in response to seasonal variations during the reproductive cycle. Lin SJ, Wideliz RB, Yue Z, Li A, Wu X, Jiang TX, et al. Total RNA was isolated from early or late grow fresh feather epithelial tissues corresponding, respectively, to the distal and proximal part of a feather (Additional file 1: Figure S3), which was dissected from the follicle tissue and separated from the mesenchyme in Calcium-Magnesium Free Saline (CMFS 2X) on ice [79]. what is the subset in contour feathers. Keratin was detected by Mallory trichrome, orange G, and acridine orange. (PDF) Morphological and Histochemical Description of Quail Feather The incidental pore: CaV1.2 and stem cell activation in quiescent hair follicles. 1) Length of plumulaceous (downy) section of the feather: the downy section was designated as the region with non-interlocking fluffy textured barbs. Indeed, a reduced plumulaceous section in feather length probably reflects the need to limit air trapped in the plumage to adjust the buoyancy of aquatic birds. Prum RO. Body feather total length is shorter in aquatic than in terrestrial birds, and this difference between groups is due to the shorter plumulaceous feather section in aquatic birds. Ting-Berreth SA, Chuong CM. S. M.Richner, and The mutation of premelanosome protein (PEML) can cause hypopigmentation in chickens [44]. 4a, Additional file 6: Table S5). Context 1 . What are the two types of pennaceous feathers? Noji S, Koyama E, Myokai F, Nohno T, Ohuchi H, Nishikawa K, et al. In conclusion, the histochemical properties of pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers of quail, particularly the distribution and nature of keratin during development, should be considered in future studies. Carroll SB. government site. Three fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor genes, FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3, have been suggested to be involved in feather morphogenesis [46]. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 3;10(1):18907. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75677-3. there are consistent differences between species that can be used as criteria upon which to base species identification. Thanks to the feasibility of experimental manipulation and observation, feather regeneration can be analyzed in a comprehensive way and has been proposed to be a unique model for understanding organogenesis [11]. Two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments to improve this manuscript. cEB, early body feather of chicken (pennaceous); cLB, late body feather (plumulaceous); cEF, early primary flight feather; cMF, middle primary flight feather; cLF, late primary flight feather (calamus). Accessibility New description of telocyte sheaths in the bovine uterine tube: an immunohistochemical and scanning microscopic study. Lin CM, Jiang TX, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Xu Y, Zhang XH, Pang YZ. The marginal plate in basal layer flanking each barb ridge and axial cells undergo apoptosis after the barbule plates are keratinized. Although this study focused on differences between the dabbling and diving tribes, two species of sea ducks (Mergini), Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), were examined for comparison of feather characters in closely allied but distinct taxonomic groups. This study could not have been conducted without the use of museum specimens and we are grateful to the curators and staff of the Smithsonian Institution Division of Birds for allowing access to the collections. Each sample was analyzed in duplicates, and gene expression levels were normalized against the corresponding TATA-binding protein (TBP) expression level. Figure S2. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Avian feather provides an excellent system for studying the evolution and development of novel morphological traits because it has diverse forms [36], and the complex structure of feathers allows for various types of morphological changes to occur. Valence . Table of mapped reads to Galgal4 transcripts for all 15 data sets. The genes involved in vessel and tube development are differentially expressed in feather epithelium, suggesting a role in regulating the morphology of feather branching. Morphotype-specifically expressed genes were identified from five zones of feather filament epithelia. Genetic control of branching morphogenesis. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Engineered cartilage reorganises fibre network. Reidy K, Tufro A. Semaphorins in kidney development and disease: modulators of ureteric bud branching, vascular morphogenesis, and podocyte-endothelial crosstalk. C.S.N. Matrix GLA protein, an inhibitory morphogen in pulmonary vascular development. Harris MP, Williamson S, Fallon JF, Meinhardt H, Prum RO. Ornithology: Feathers Flashcards | Quizlet Most Anatinae have both expanded and pronged nodes on the same barb. Trudy Nicholson illustrated Figure 1. Systems biology study provides a new technology platform that can reveal molecular expression profiles associated with different morphological developments. Feather, Chicken, Development, Transcriptome, RNA-seq. A closer look at the diving and foraging habits of the Canvasback, which clustered closest to the dabbling ducks, provides a possible explanation for the similarities in microscopic characters for this species. Anatini also have a greater density of expanded nodes per barbule, wider nodes, shorter distance between expanded nodes, and longer barbule length. 5), especially those in semaphorin signaling, were differentially expressed between the pennaceous and plumulaceous portions of body feather. The RNA-seq data had been used previously to study the expression pattern of -and -keratin genes [28]. General principles of development with special reference to the after-feather. Disclaimer. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that samples from the same group clustered together (Fig. (XLS 30kb), The feather samples used in this study. (XLSX 94kb), cEF vs. cMF differentially expressed gene set (shown in FPKM and fold change). The identification of bird feathers. Molecular signaling in feather morphogenesis. Two zones of body feather and three zones of flight feather were selected to represent morphological, structural, and mechanical property differences in feathers (Additional file 1: Figure S1). 5). Most of these rapidly evolving and/or positively selected genes are enriched for cytoskeleton and cell adhesion. Y.Qu, Among these genes, TP63, a transcription factor of the p53 family, is known to be essential for the development of epidermis and its derivatives in vertebrates [33, 34]. Physiology of development of the feather. 4b, Additional file 7: Table S6). Fish telocytes and their relation to rodlet cells in ruby-red-fin shark (rainbow shark) Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). High-throughput sequencing technologies have been applied to characterize transcriptome architectures [2126]. Principal component 1 (PC1), which explained 51% of the variation, had the highest component loadings on the characters that quantified the number of expanded nodes per barbule and the barbules with expanded nodes. Would you like email updates of new search results? Although individual and species variation exists in plumulaceous feather characters within Anatinae, it is generally not great enough to obscure trends in microscopic differences with larger taxonomic groups. Huang DW, Sherman BT, Tan Q, Collins JR, Alvord WG, Roayaei J, et al. Evolutionary biology for the 21st century. The genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion may be required for making a tougher feather structure. 0. The GO enrichment analysis showed that the specifically expressed genes of the body feather (cEB and cLB) are not significantly enriched for any known functions, whereas those of the flight feather (cEF, cMF, and cLF) are significantly enriched for several functions indicated in the figure. Gene ontology (GO) annotation for top 3,000 transcripts that were highly expressed in feather epithelium. Yu-Ting Lai, Email: moc.liamg@7021dlawso. A bone morphogenetic protein, BMP2, was predicted to be the upstream regulator for gene expression differences (Table1). Topology of feather melanocyte progenitor niche allows complex pigment patterns to emerge. CLR/RAMP2-overexpressing mice revealed a defined phenotype with thinning of the hair during postnatal development [73]. Feathers Flashcards | Quizlet (chemistry) Specifically, of compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with plumbic compounds. (51K, xls)Canonical pathways for cEB vs. cLB differentially expressed gene set. The distal end of a feather forms earlier than the proximal end and the structure and shape of a body feather change dynamically from the distal end to the proximal end. Horowitz A, Simons M. Branching morphogenesis. Kai-Jung Yang, Email: moc.liamg@101hsiwk. Principal component 2 (PC2) explained 18% of the variation and was highly correlated with barbule length. Among the 702 DEGs, 263 genes were up-regulated and 404 genes were down-regulated in the proximal flight feather in comparison to the calamus (Fig. Before (PDF 270kb), Summary of the 15 feather epithelial transcriptomes. 3). Semaphorin signaling is known to play an important role in intersomitic vessels, lung, and kidney branching morphogenesis [30, 31], but has not been reported to play any role in feather morphogenesis. W. P.Cunningham. Assessment of spermatozoa morphology under light microscopy with different histologic stains and comparison of morphometric measurements. The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers. Domyan ET, Guernsey MW, Kronenberg Z, Krishnan S, Boissy RE, Vickrey AI, et al. Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, lead; - used specifically to designate those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with plumbous compounds; as, plumbic oxide. The plumulaceous feathers associated with the . (XLS 46kb), Canonical pathways for cMF vs. cLF differentially expressed gene set. The activation of the SHH signaling pathway leads to the expression of the transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1), a SHH-targeted mediator [54]. Within the tribe Aythyini we studied: Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), Redhead (A. americana), Ring-necked Duck (A. collaris), Greater Scaup (A. marila), and Lesser Scaup (A. affinis). Barbule length was measured from the ramus to the tip of the barbule. From RNA-seq reads to differential expression results. A natural history of ducks (unabridged version). A pennaceous feather has a stalk or quill. (XLSX 81kb)Additional file 7: Table S6. The feather microstructure of passerine sparrows in China. Branching morphogenesis during kidney development. Sawyer RH, Knapp LW. The feather samples used for RNA extraction. Transcriptomic analyses of regenerating adult feathers in chicken Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Kelli-27 Terms in this set (37) Feather Types Feathers are composed of beta keratin protein. Branching off of the barbs (upper right) are barbules. Light microscopy measurements were conducted with an ocular micrometer calibrated at 100, 200, 400, and 630 magnification using Zeiss and Reichert (Reichert, Inc., New York) comparison microscopes. Immunofluorescent localization of collagen types I and III, and of fibronectin during feather morphogenesis in the chick embryo. 8600 Rockville Pike (XLSX 15kb)Additional file 3: Table S2. Chuong CM, Edelman GM. Di-Rong Chen, Email: moc.liamg@5382nehcyrrehc. (11K, xlsx)Positively selected and/or rapid evolving genes in avian lineages [29] that are expressed in all feather samples. Evolution of the morphological innovations of feathers. The genes identified in the GO enrichment analysis of the most abundant transcripts in these samples are involved in protein translation, reflecting the rapid production of a protein-made structure (Fig. Level of BMP activity has been shown to determine barb ridge branching morphogenesis [19]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Bovine serum albumin reverses inhibition of RT-PCR by melanin. 3) Total length of feather: the sum of the downy and pennaceous sections. Compared to the close proximal part of the flight feather, the calamus expressed significantly more genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion (Table2). (C) Wild-type contour feather. Bookshelf Principal component 1 (PC1) explained 51% of the variation and had the highest loadings on expanded nodes per barbule and barbules with expanded nodes. We collected regenerating pennaceous and plumulaceous portions of body contour feathers, the distal and proximal portions of primary flight feathers, and the calamus of primary flight feathers. Feathers have diverse forms with hierarchical branching patterns and are an excellent model for studying the development and evolution of morphological traits. What is the difference between the pennaceous and Plumulaceous State-dependent signaling by Cav1.2 regulates hair follicle stem cell function. Which direction do I watch the Perseid meteor shower? (XLSX 11kb)Additional file 6: Table S5. Widelitz RB, Jiang TX, Yu M, Shen T, Shen JY, Wu P, et al. Tuhkanen AL, Agren UM, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. Was there a referendum to join the EEC in 1973. When the pattern of gene expression levels was compared, strong correlations (R2) ranging from 0.833 to 0.998 between RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq platforms were observed for 90% of the expressed genes exception for one sample (with R2=0.618), confirming the high reproducibility of the data. (62K, xlsx)cMF vs. cLF differentially expressed gene set (shown in FPKM and fold change). Giambernardi TA, Rodeck U, Klebe RJ. The plumulaceous feathers found as syninclusions in DIP-SY-06231 are preserved all the way down to the calamus, preserving a hollow, pith-filled rachis. We compared the gene expression patterns in different types of feathers and different portions of a feather and identified morphotype-specific gene expression patterns. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) peptides modulate human hair growth/cycling [60, 61]. Pennaceouspennaceouspen-AY-shusshaving an interlocking feather structure that creates a smooth surface, or vane feathers are stiff and mostly flat, a big difference that comes from a small alteration in structure; microscopic hooks on the barbules that interlock to form a wind and . When quantifying microscopic feather characters, it is imperative to always study the same feathers, and the same regions within feathers, across taxa to avoid inconsistency in data collection. Examinamos la variacin que existe en cinco caracteres microscpicos del plumn en 18 especies de patos no zambullidores (Anatini) y zambullidores (Aythyini, Mergini) con el fin de cuantificar las diferencias entre tribus de patos, y para ofrecer una explicacin sobre cmo las ultra-estructuras del plumn estn influenciadas por diferentes requerimientos ecolgicos.